DNA and RNA in a genetic museum
Researchers performed a biopsy of a 130-year-old museum specimen from the Stockholm Natural History Museum and recovered samples of skeletal muscle and skin tissue. (Wasfi Akab / flickr)
Think back to high school biology course and you may remember the difference between DNA and RNA. DNA works as the long-term storage of a cell’s function, while RNA translates DNA into proteins that keep cells focused on their tasks. When it comes to researching extinct animals the focus has almost entirely been on DNA because it tends to stand the test of time better, but RNA is the real secret to understanding how animal’s cells functioned.
Enter the Tasmanian tiger, more properly called the thylacine, which was a marsupial resembling a mid-sized dog with striking stripes on its back. European colonizers in Tasmania regarded them as pests because they would attack their burgeoning sheep farms on the island. In fact, the Australian government funded hunting them until the last thylacine died in captivity in 1936.
However, researchers performed a biopsy of a 130-year-old museum specimen from the Stockholm Natural History Museum and recovered samples of skeletal muscle and skin tissue. They were able to unwind the individual RNA strands preserved through time, and decode what their function would have been. Years of natural exposure and human handling, however, can lead to contamination, so researchers ran the RNA sequences through a computer algorithm to isolate the thylacine RNAs from others.
Moreover, their analyses discerned differences between RNA in the skin and that in the muscle, a normal occurrence, but one that allows scientists to better study how thylacine biology functioned. Ultimately, such a discovery means that troves of museum samples may hold the key to better understanding extinct animals.
Deregulation of alternative RNA splicing promotes pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis
Pancreatic cancer presents a challenging prognosis, marked by a five-year overall survival rate of merely 12.5%. Diagnosis frequently occurs at an advanced stage, characterized by metastasis to distant sites. The intricate molecular mechanisms governing pancreatic cancer metastasis remain a subject of ongoing research and exploration. In a recent article published in Nature Communications, Moffitt Cancer Center researchers, in collaboration with The Tisch Cancer Institute; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Agency for Science, Technology and Research in Singapore; and the University of Otago in New Zealand, demonstrate that deregulation of a protein called RBFOX2, involved in RNA splicing, contributes to the progression and metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
RNA is a nucleic acid that promotes the synthesis of proteins. While the nucleotide sequence of RNA is encoded by the DNA of the genome, RNA molecules undergo several modifications before eventually entering the ribosome to make protein. An important process that modifies RNA sequences is alternative splicing, whereby specific sequences within the RNA molecule may be rearranged, included or excluded. This process results in different versions of RNA molecules generated from a single DNA sequence that will produce protein variants with potentially different activities. Alternative RNA splicing is critical for many cellular processes; however, the involvement of alternative RNA splicing in cancer development is not entirely understood.
The research team wanted to assess whether alternative RNA splicing is involved in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Through molecular-based laboratory experiments and mouse models, they discovered that RNA-binding proteins involved in splicing regulation were involved in pancreatic cancer progression. One of the key proteins they identified is RBFOX2.
Results showed RBFOX2 protein levels were lower in pancreatic cancer cells that had metastasized to other sites. These observations suggest that RBFOX2 may be a tumor suppressor protein that normally functions to inhibit cancer metastasis. The researchers confirmed this hypothesis by demonstrating that loss of RBFOX2 in pancreatic cell lines and mouse models increased cell migration, invasion, tumor development and metastasis.
The researchers performed additional experiments to determine the downstream pathways impacted by RBFOX2 that lead to pancreatic cancer progression. They found that RBFOX2 regulates the splicing of RNA molecules that code for proteins involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, with one of the critical molecules being RNA that codes for the protein ABI1. In cells without RBFOX2, the location of ABI1 is redistributed to the cell periphery, where it impacts the cell cytoskeleton and promotes cell migration.
These combined observations demonstrate the importance of alternative RNA splicing to pancreatic cancer progression and suggest the need for additional studies to understand the mechanisms regulating RBFOX2 splicing activity fully.
"While analyses to date have identified few splicing regulators with prognostic implications in pancreatic cancer, the incidence of exon splicing events conserved across pancreatic tumors and other cancers suggests the processes regulated by alternatively spliced transcripts are integral to cancer progression," said Karen Mann, Ph.D., assistant member of the Department of Molecular Oncology at Moffitt.
This study was supported by a Skip Viragh Career Development Award from the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, the National Cancer Institute (R01CA279713, R01CA244780, R01CA244780, R03CA270679, R61CA278402, P30 CA196521), the Irma T. Hirschl Trust, the Emerging Leader Award from the Mark Foundation and the Ramon Areces Foundation.
